Análisis estadístico y problemática de las condiciones actuales de la calidad de los cementos asfálticos utilizados para pavimentación en México

Abstract

The infrastructure in a nation is very important for its development; that´s why in the area of communications and transportation, the conservation and expansion of road, railway, port, airport and telecommunications services have a big importance. In Mexico, most of the communication is made by roads, and a large percentage of them correspond to the highway road network, so it is very important to keep it in good condition. The Ministry of Communications and Transportation (SCT) classifies the roads as paved, covered, gaps and dirt roads, of which, the most significant is the paved part, that has 90% of flexible pavements, therefore the study of flexible pavements is essential, especially its main component that is asphalt cement. That´s why the General Direction of Technical Services of the SCT developed the National Program of Asphalt Evaluation 2017, to have a quality control in road infrastructure works of each of the states of Mexico, in which a diagnostic of the asphalts that are used in the works is made. It analyzes asphalt tests from the 32 states of the Republic, with the data obtained from the program a diagnostic and a proposal is made to improve the quality of the asphalt to define the classification that will be used according to the conditions of the place where the project will be executed. To begin the analysis of this project, the origin of the asphalt cement was determined, from this analysis it was found that inside the program there are suppliers that are direct from PEMEX, foreign suppliers and suppliers that are in charge of improving the properties of the asphalt cements. It was done a study to identify the main companies with the most presence in Mexico. The asphalt products requested in the projects were studied and analyzed in a very detailed way, the Particular Specifications were checked according to what is needed in that work, the asphalt products were widely checked according to the SCT Standards and how many and which they were requested in an appropriate manner according to the climate, vehicular traffic and speed of the project. From each and every one of the samples registered in the National Program of Asphalt Evaluation 2017, the analysis of the asphalt cements with the assays requested by the SCT was carried out, in this work is shown the procedure and the results obtained from each sample registered by the DGST, the quality of the asphalt cement has a big importance that is why several sections were made to show the percentage of each type of asphalt cement registered, the global non-compliance by type of asphalt cement and the assays that had the highest non-compliance for each type of asphalt cement. In this paper, the statistical analysis and problematic of the current conditions of the quality of the asphalt cements used for paving in Mexico, will be presented.

La infraestructura en una nación es muy importante para su desarrollo, es por eso que en materia de comunicaciones y transportes es de total importancia la conservación y ampliación de la infraestructura carretera, ferroviaria, portuaria, aeroportuaria y los servicios de telecomunicaciones. En México, la mayoría de las vías que comunican son terrestres, y un gran porcentaje de ellas corresponden a la red vial carretera, por lo que es de suma importancia mantenerla en buenas condiciones. La Secretaría de Comunicaciones y Transportes (SCT) clasifica los caminos en pavimentados, revestidos, brechas y terracerías, de las cuales, la más significativa es la parte pavimentada, que cuenta con un 90% de pavimentos flexibles, por lo tanto, es primordial el estudio de los pavimentos flexibles, sobre todo su principal componente que es cemento asfáltico. Es por eso que la Dirección General de Servicios Técnicos de la SCT desarrolló el Programa Nacional de Evaluaciones de Asfalto 2017, para tener un control de la calidad en las obras de infraestructura carretera de cada uno de los estados de la República Mexicana, en el que se realiza un diagnóstico de los asfaltos que se emplean en las obras. En él se analizan pruebas de asfalto procedentes de los 32 estados de la República, de los datos obtenidos del programa se elabora un diagnóstico y propuesta para mejorar la calidad del asfalto y así definir la clasificación que se utilizará según las condiciones del lugar donde se ejecutará el proyecto Para comenzar el análisis de este proyecto se determinó la procedencia del cemento asfáltico, de este análisis se encontró que dentro del programa existen proveedores que son directos de PEMEX, proveedores extranjeros y proveedores que se encargan de mejorar las propiedades de los cementos asfálticos, se realizó un estudio para identificar las principales empresas con mayor presencia en México.